给要考四六级的同学
听力资料,转自旺旺论坛一、听力考试基本准备
1.记忆熟悉词汇和词组
听力中的最大障碍来自于词汇。一个考生词汇量有限,或是对词汇熟悉程度不够,就无法对于Speaker的语言进行充分理解,更淡不上体会言外之意。往往在听到一个段落时,很多学生反映听不懂,或是只听懂了一些孤零零的单词,而大多数单词似乎在他们的记忆中没有任何印象。这种情况直接向大家做出了暗示—你的词汇量还远远不够。所以应试的第一项准备就是把你以前曾经忽视或厌恶的单词熟悉一遍。大学英语教学大纲规定了明确的词汇和词组数量,只有脚踏实地把它们记忆下来才能进一步研究听力解题技巧。记单词时特别强调要熟悉词汇的发音和拼写。只通过眼睛看单词对于提高听力毫无益处,一旦读到这个单词时你往往由于对读音不够熟悉而反应不过来,本来背过的单词在听力中又变得陌生而复杂。记住:大声朗读单词;尽量跟磁带模仿发音;较难的单词在纸上写五六遍。关于词组要分析其英文解释,以便于在四个选项中迅速定位,同时结合例句掌握词组的用法。
2.通过记笔记提高短期记忆力
能否记住刚听完的录音,对正确答题至关重要。不少同学提出练习听力过程中“听时清楚,问时糊涂”,“听懂没记住,记住没考到”。这种问题的关键在于每个人都有有限的短期记忆力(short-period memory),一两分钟内记住Speaker的大量信息确实困难,稍一走神,关键信息也随之无影无踪。短期记忆力不强可以归结为平时缺少记忆能力的训练,也可以说没有注意到增强记忆的有效方法。快速记笔记就是平时练习的主要途径。如果是选择题,可以边听录音边把选项中提到的内容标下来作为候选答案,这样既节省时间又减轻了记忆负担。如果是听写,可以平时跟着录音机练习,放一句写一句,也可以放完全段后,把要点整理下来,这时可以采取灵活的记笔记方式。例如下面一段:
Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. First, many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate. Also, new laws have passed to exercise strict control over industrial pollutants. In addition, more sewage treatment plants are being built, and new pollution-control devices developed. Doing all this will enable us to have a cleaner world.
(措施1. ↓ birth rate2. 法→ 控制 pollu…3. 污水处理厂 + 防… device => cleaner)
3.多听模拟训练题适应语速
CET Band 4要求学生能听懂英语讲课,并能听懂一般性内容的英语讲座,对一些简单会话、谈话和讲座能正确理解中心大意,抓住要点和有关细节,语速要求为每分钟130—150个词。CET Band 6要求学生能听懂篇幅较长的会话、交谈和讲座,能根据所听材料进行分析、推理和判断,语速要求为每分钟160一180个词。六级语速要求已经达到了国外大学课堂教学的语速,也只有适应了这种语速,我们才能勇敢地和老外进行正常交流,而不是被他们说得张口结舌、反应迟钝,只能讲所谓的“哑巴英语”。适应四、六级听力考试的语速极为重要,如果随便找些听力材料来练,也许事倍功半,最好能在考前找几套模拟题精听,争取能够反复听,同时跟读,顺便把不会的单词也找出来记一记。攻下10套题之后,语速应该不再成为问题。
二、四种题型特点及对策
听力理解部分一共有四种题型:小对话、段落理解(考查次数最多的两种题型)、听写填空、复合式听写。出题原则是每次从四种题型中任选两种,每种题型10分,共20分。由于考前不公布考哪两种题型,所以准备阶段要把每种题型的特点及规律搞清楚,以免出现措手不及的情况。
1.小对话(Short Conversation)
A:特点
小对话形式灵活、内容千变万化、能够直接考查学生对日常生活会话的理解和反应能力,已经成为出题人最偏爱的考试题型。历次考试都把小对话放在听力的第一部分,共10段对话,10分。录音中一男一女针对某个话题各说一两句话,由第三个声音提出问题,考生要严格根据对话信息及所问问题进行选择。由于对话信息有限,对短期记忆力不构成威胁,而反应速度和语言基本功则受到挑战。小对话考查内容丰富,其出题形式可以归纳为以下六类:意义解释题(对词汇、词组、惯用语、言外之意的解释)、细节列举题(日期、号码、兴趣爱好、人名等的罗列)、计算题(对时间、价格的加、减甚至复合运算)、相关词推理题(根据对话中的语境相关词来推理对话发生地点、人物职业身分、人物问关系等)、因果关系题(已知结果问原因)、比较关系题(两三种事物的比较排列关系等)。
B:对策
意义解释题:在反复背单词的同时,重点研究词组及惯用语的英文解释。如breakdown,习惯解释为Something went wrong with;behind schedule,习惯解释为late or not on time。由于意义解释题在每套题中的比例一般高于十分之六,词组和惯用语则成为重点中的重点。此外,凡是涉及言外之意的练习题要注意总结,只有多接触、多分析才能准确地体会Speaker的弦外之音。
细节列举题:若选项中出现了四个几乎相同的号码、日期或四个名词、动名词,则可初步判断其为细节列举题。这种题目容易在我们的记忆中制造混淆,干扰项设置出来令人感到似是而非,因此听题时要注意记笔记,在人物所寻找的房间号、喜爱推崇的运动方式和电影类型旁做标记,其余则为干扰项。记住:不记笔记必然会被四五个细节搞得头晕眼花。
计算题:选项中的四个价格、数字或具体时间提醒我们准备好做计算。往往已知两个数字、时间,要求算出第三个。听题时既要记下数字、时间,还要搞清关系来判断是加、减、乘、除还是混合运算。如买两张票掏出10美元,找回1.4美元,问每张票价格,这道题很容易忽略除以2这个步骤。再如火车10点出发,还有20分钟,要准确迅速地做减法得出9:40为现在时间。
相关词推理题:名为推理,其实简单得像骑驴找驴一样,关键要看考生对对话中的语境相关词是否熟悉。不需要全部听懂,只要抓住两三个相关词的信息则可以一步判断到位。复习过程中要及时总结在图书馆、饭馆、医院、旅馆、邮局、学校、银行以及公司办公室的常用词汇。如提到比back issue(过刊),立刻找到选项中的library,人物关系为reader - librarian。如提到give somebody a raise,立即找公司office,人物关系必定是 boss – employee.
因果关系题:如果选项中明确出现了四个用because引导的从句则立即判断该题为因果关系题。听录音时直接把一个事件行为的原因听出来并在选项中找到对应信息。首先要特别熟悉因果关系词在句子中的作用,如because, since, cause, lead to, due to等等,不要把因和果颠倒理解。另外对话中往往会出现较复杂的词组或惯用语作为对原因的描述,因此选择过程经常又是意义解释的过程,如 “I am late because my car got stuck on the road.”迟到原因为堵车,从选项中找到traffic jam.
比较关系题:对两三个事物的某一特点进行比较,选项中就会直接出现as… as, more… than, the same等表达句式。因此要特别注意录音中的事物比较关系。对话中若出现A is better than B,立即在选项中找B is not as good as A。如果A is bigger than B and C is smaller than B,则记下A>B>C,从选项中找到The biggest is A或The smallest is C作为正确的比较关系。
2.段落理解 (Passage)
A:特点
段落理解是能令考生汗额的一种题型,每次会出现三个段落,共10个问题,10分。这种题型的特点是词汇量大、信息量大。每个段落的十几句话中往往真正能听懂并记住的句子不到一半,绝大多数人只能抓住段落大意但无法处理其中的重要细节。段落题的选项多为四个完整的句子,正确选项往往是原文中提到的一句重要陈述,只听大意而忽视细节必然导致在四个选项面前无从下手,真伪不分。
B:对策
段落题训练时首先要及时发现自己的不足,如对单词不熟悉、适应不了语速以及注意力不够集中等。如果感觉很多句子听不懂,尤其是录音放过几退后还是不懂,则准备要从单词人手。在两三个星期内把四级或六级词汇攻下来。脑子里储备了足够的单词,理解的程度就会大大提高。如果听到的单词都会,只是听不懂句子的整体意义,则需要从微观的角度进行强化。自己在放磁带时一句一句跟读,必要时按暂停键进行口头翻译,经过一段时间练习,理解句子的能力也能提高。段落理解中最关键的任务并不是把段子全部听懂,而是要学会确定关键句和关键信息。凡是在选项中重复到的句子都应当做标记,视为解题关键信息。段落题由于内容庞杂,信息量较大,很少要求考生做进一步推理,而是侧重信息收集能力,所以每个段落的三到四个题围绕着Speaker所提到的原句展开提问。如果不学会通过选项把握原句,理解能力再强也无法解题。另外,测试题目顺序是严格按照段落的前—中—后顺序设计的,听录音时可以边听边用眼睛扫描选项,依次进行。测试可能性最大的是第一句、第二句和最后一句,前两句话中包含着段落中心句,是段落的最重要内容。最后一句话往往涉及结果、解决方法等重要信息。此外,考官还会根据段落中的一个重要情节、概念或因果关系设置一到两个题。
叙事型段落(Narrative):选项中如有明确的时间、人物动作行为则可断定该题为叙事型段落。一方面通过每个题目选项的共同点估测可能提问的内容,还要积极记笔记。故事的因果、时间关系较强,把握情节并不难。但特别要注意时间、地点、主要人物及对应行为、人物行为原因、目的和故事结局。
说明型段落(Descriptive):说明文涉及科学技术、交通运输、地理景观、环境污染、学校教育、妇女解放、自然现象等内容,选项中没有人物动作行为,所考查内容围绕着某些事实陈述展开。听录音时很难记住原话,这就更要求学生盯紧选项,以免出现细节列举时间哪一个信息没有提到或者不正确。除此之外,重要的说明数字、术语概念、时间范围要记笔记,要直接从段落中听出一些重要的因果关系句,确定原因,并查找对应出现的选项。
议论及讲座 (Expositive):四、六级听力中较难的一种段落。Speaker经常是大学讲师或某个学科的专家就一个概念、现象或概况进行描述。因涉及某些专业或科技知识使词汇有可能超纲但并不影响做题。更为重要的是讲话人的观点和讲座主题 (topic) 不好把握。学生要在段落的前三句话中识别讲座人身分和讲座主题。往往段落开始就会提到 “I’m the head librarian. Today I’m going to introduce to you the facilities in the library and show you how to us them.” 在介绍自己观点时Speaker会用到 “In my opinion” 或 “I think it’s true that …”.
新闻报道(News story):听新闻时,Speaker会先提到 “This is … presenting the B.B.C. world news” 等,或者开门见山,用一句话来概括整个新闻内容。例如: “The suspect in a robbery of the First National Bank in Orlando, Florida was captured in a local barber shop on Wednesday.” 在一句话中时间、地点、人物、原因、结果都做了详细交代。所以新闻的第一句没把握住就等于漏掉了主要信息,能不能从后面的内容中得到弥补只能靠运气。
3.听写填空 (Spot Dictation)
A:特点
听写填空字面上就是要求一边听写一边填空,这似乎是我们在大学英语课堂上常做的事情,老师让学生听写一段话。如果不是全文听写而只是把空缺内容填进去是不是就没有多少难度了呢?事实恰恰相反。一段话中留出10个空,几乎每个空都要设置一个小陷阱,或是高难度单词、或是连读与爆破音缺省现象、或是大小写、单复数、过去时的种种干扰。这种题型要求每个空精确地填入3至7个单词,稍有不慎便要丢分。而语速快又使考生们手忙脚乱,勉强写完一两个单词后已找不到录音放到了什么位置。录音三追结束后不少人只写下大约5个空的信息。听写训练已经成为一项刻不容缓的备考内容。
B:对策
小对话听写:平时的听写练习可以从小对话开始,一段对话三至五句话能够顺利地储存在短期记亿中,录音放三遍后检查是否已写完全部内容,是否有漏词现象。
段落听写:适应小对话听写后要加大难度。段落题有一定词汇量,篇幅较长,对大家的短期记亿力和拼写速记能力都是一种挑战。这时可以放三遍录音,第二遍在每句话后录音暂停,迅速把听到的句子写下来,尽量用最快的写字速度,第三遍进行检查。练上几段段落听写,你就会发现自己的速记能力有所提高。
实际操练:找几篇听写填空模拟练习做一做。不要宽容自己,录音只放三遏,你若违背要求反复放录音,练习便会失去意义。如果核对答案时发现结果不太理想可以退回到段落听写阶段。如果只有两三个空没有填满则需静下心来,把错拼、漏拼的单词查出后全力以赴再做一段。实际操练中要注意听写过程严格按照听前预览—速听速记—写后检查这样的步骤。速听速记特别强调在有限时间内尽可能地多记下一些内容。遇到长的单词如:加以important experiment 可先写下imp___ exp___, 然后在录音放过两退后及时补充,避免漏词。第三遍检查时要根据自己的语法知识以及上下文,查看有无漏词、时态、单复数、大小写等方面的错误。
了解连读、爆破音、弱化音节知识:听写中很容易因缺乏特殊语音知识而丢分。如果一个单词结尾音是辅音,而下一单词起始音是元音,则可构成连读现象 (sound link)。如run^out, red^apple。一旦出现这种情况,有时容易把两个单词误以为是一个单词而无从下笔。Gold^and silver,如果不能意识到金与银的搭配就会被连读现象所迷惑。此外,爆破音缺省 (loss of plosion) 现象在听写练习中也屡见不鲜,b, p, t, d, g, k六个爆破音经常莫名其妙地不读出来,干扰我们的正常听写。例如:read poetry, lost camel, help me等,甚至单词内部的爆破音有时也可以略去,如:statements, recognize等。弱化音节在英语中也较广泛,尤其是音节较多的单词,如laboratory 和 literature, 当中间ra音节弱化至零时很难迅速想到其本来面目。提高听写的准确性要求学生必须对这些知识有所了解,平时可以找一些语音知识书籍上提供的练习多读一读,熟悉之后自然能做出快速反应。
4.复合式听写 (Compound Dictation)
A:特点
不少做过复合式听写练习的同学都认为其难度在段落理解之上,我也有相同看法。段落理解只需听懂后做选择即可,而这种听写方式要求在有限时间内把段落中空缺的内容用自己的语言总结出四个观点来。其要求也更上了一层楼,旨在考查听力中的多种语言能力,如单词拼写能力、语句理解能力、短期记忆力、速记能力、语法知识和语言表达能力等。复合式听写由两部分组成,先是七至八个单词的听写,尽管负担与听写填空相比已经大大减轻,但这些单词分别具有一定难度,并不太容易马上就能写出来。以1997年6月四级第一次考的题目为例,七个单词分别是typical, relatively, boring, describe, variety, normal 和 uniform, 大多数考生卷子上都空着两到三个词写不出来,每个词扣0.5分,还不算损失惨重。后半部分有三个较长的空要求把漏掉的话听写下来,一共6分。1997年6月及12月的题目还算仁慈,基本上就漏掉了四个短句,大家可以轻而易举地像对待听写填空那样把它们一字不落听写下来。而这种题型要难也可以难到令你手忙脚乱的地步。今后的考题很有可能会增加听写句子部分的长度,每个空有三到五个句子,并且主句套从旬.事实上约大名数模拟练习都设计到了这种难度。我们不能再依赖听写填空的那种原句听写模式,而不得不开始学会判断重要观点句并且自己组织语言来表达。
B:对策
段落听写:攻克复合式听写难关最有效的练习方式是段落听写。并不是逐句听写,而是要学会在听完段落之后写出其中提到的几个main points,我们不妨把要点定为四个。练习过程中一段Passage放三遍,中间无暂停,只要在放过三遍后能写出四个主要观点并使其能涵盖段落大部分内容就达到了目的。可有可无的句子不要写,也不要超越段落内容自由发挥。写出来的四句话必须是完整的句子,不能只有几个零散的单词摆在那里。另外要语法正确,时态、主谓搭配、用词合理。
听写完整句:复合式听写中,主谓宾结构或系表结构完整的句子基本上都用于表达一个完整的观点,可以把其内容概括成一句话,保留重要的主语名词或代词、谓语动词以及宾语名词。并不是一个完整句中所有内容都要写下来,这样只能耽误你写出其他观点。例如: “There's a marked tendency for most developed countries to grow steadily nosier each year.” 只要写出Most developed countries are growing noisier 即概括出了主要内容。另外,句子中不太重要的成分像过渡句、插人语 (to tell the truth, as far as I know, etc),以及某些时间地点状语 (如上一个例句中的 each year)、不重要的副词 (如 steadily) 都可以省略。没有了这些负担,听写重要观点就等于写出一个主谓宾结构或系表结构的短句,反倒成了一件轻松的事。像 “To her surprise, the famous professor accepted her as a student immediately.” 就可以直接写出The professor accepted her as a student.
注意提示词:一个空白处听到三至五个完整句,怎样判断哪些句子更值得写下来呢?有些情况下可以依赖段落中设置的观点提示词 (signal words),这些词的后面一般都是一个重要观点。例如表示并列关系的firstly, secondly, next, above all, first of all 等;表示递进关系的in addition, furthermore, what’s more; 表示转折关系的but on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary; 表示因果关系的therefore, thus, as a result, another reason等。
大学英语CET六级词汇总结!!
概述:CET6中词汇有30道,共15分。30%是四级词汇,70%是六级词汇。一般48%的考生能拿7.5分,15%的拿10分,2%的拿15分。六级要求掌握5500个单词,与考研相比,只差206个。
答题要点:1.同义词均不选
特点:喜欢考难的单词,eg: homogeneously同一的 基因 (前缀 词根 adjadv)
订房间:make a reservation(出现两次)
商业方面的约定:commitment
一般的约定:engagement(也指订婚)
秀色可餐,太美了:gorgeous
签租约:lease
抵押,贷款:mortgage
分期付款:installment
与……相冲突:collide with
六级的最爱:deprive of 剥夺;budget 预算;compensation 弥补,补偿 eternal永恒的;intuition 直觉;penalty 惩罚,点球;potential 潜在的;in terms of在……方面;sheer完全的;trivial 琐碎的;
六级的旧爱:regardless of 除了
六级新宠(2002)demonstrate 演示;demonstrated beauty 倾国倾城;mingled情感、气息、气味的混合
永陪词汇(永远不成为答案):claim有100多条解释Constrain
陪考:empirical 凭经验的,主观的
出现giant panda/species 就选死光光,绝种extinct
记忆方法:词根法+联想法
spir=breath(呼吸) cess=go(走路)
inspire吸入空气——>产生灵感 access一再地走——>接近
conspiracy共同呼吸——>同谋者 一再
expire断气——>过期,满期 excess超过——>过渡
perspire出汗,流汗 超出
aspire不断地呼吸——>渴望 recess走回来——>休息
process前进,加工
Vers=turn(旋转) form 形式
Universe 围绕地旋转——>宇宙 reform 一再地改变形式——> 改革
单一的,同样的 conform 共同—>符合
converse 扭转 perform 演出
共同地 deform不好的形式——>畸形
reverse 颠倒,反转,倒带 不好
反
diverse 不同的 vertigo 头晕 scend=climb(爬)
分开 ascend v.攀登,轻薄物体的上升,
sophy智慧 声音从远处传来
sophisticated 复杂的,老于世故的 descendant n.后代(在你后面爬)
聪明的,睿智的 transcendv.超越,胜过
philosophy 哲学 cest跑
爱 智慧 ancestor 在前面跑——>祖先
sophomore 大二生 cur跑
PS:九三学社,上午九点起,下午睡到3点 precursor 在前面跑——>祖先
excursion 跑出去——>旅游
rupt=break(断裂) clude=close
bankrupt 破产 exclusive a.排他的,独占的,专属的
interrupt 打断 exclude v.排除在外
exclusive interview 人物专访
corrupt r双写+co=共同 inclusive a.包围住的,包括的
共同在断——>腐败——>破坏 preclude v.预防,妨碍
scribe=write(写)
ascribe 归因于 rip(撕裂)
subscribe订阅,提交 grip v. 抓
在下面 写 gripping 扣人心弦的
conscribe 征兵
circumscribe 限制 tent扩展,延展
圆圈 intentionally 故意地
ps:《西游记》“三打白骨精”中老孙给唐僧 content内容
划了个圈,限制范围,保护他。 patent 怕传出去——>申请专利保护
bat=hit打斗 acro高
debate争论 acronym(名字的词根)缩写
combat搏斗 acrobat 高级的杂耍——>杂技
acrobat 杂技 anonymous没名——>匿名的
ps:北大博雅塔+未明湖=?(一塌糊涂)
press压 tract 拖,拉
impression 压在你心里面——>印象 extract拉出来——>萃取,提取
express 压出来——>表达 attract一再地拉——>吸引(美好的)
suppress 往下压——>平息,镇压 distract 拉走了——>分散,转移,分神
oppress 压迫,压制真题:这个小村庄被独裁者压迫。
flict打 lump 肿块,疙瘩
conflict 一起打——>冲突,战争 hump 驼峰
afflict一再地打击——>折磨 plump 丰满<——>bony骨感美人
inflict自虐,自我折磨 goose lump外国人的鹅皮疙瘩
flicient cise 切
deflicient 缺乏的,不够的 precise 事先切好——>精确
subfficient 足够的 concise 共同切——>简洁的,简明的
proficient a.精通的;n.专家 compact 结实的,简洁的,紧凑的(常考)
efficient 效率的
stat 站在那 miss送
stationary 静止的 mission 送出去的——>任务
statue 全身雕塑 commission 共同送出去的任务—>委托,委任,佣金,回扣
dismiss 疏散,解散,解雇,免职
gest管道 omission 省略,忽略
digest分开管道——>文摘
congest共同走到管道—>交通拥挤 decline 下降
ingest 进入管道——>吃入,摄入 incline 倾向be inclined to do 喜欢做
recline 斜躺(安娜卡列尼娜卧轨自杀)
pel推
repel 推回来——>相斥 ple 满,完成
compel共同往前推——>强迫,迫使 implement 实施,执行
propel 往前推——>推进 complement 相补充、相弥补
compliments 赞美之词
ped 脚
expedition 脚出去——>探险 fin 终点,范围
biped 双足的 confine 限制
pedal 脚蹬的地方 finish完成
define 加强限定——>下定义
front 面对 definite 明确的
confront 使面临,对抗 infinite 无限,极大
affront 脸一直凑过去——>冒犯,侮辱
effrontery 厚颜无耻 ceed 走
proceed with=contine with
sist 站立 exceed 超过
resist 抵制 exceeding 巨大的
consist of 由……组成
persist (一直总)坚持 defect n.过失,错误
assist 帮助 affect n.影响,侵袭
effect n.效果,作用
superior 优良的,卓越的 infect v.传染,感染
superable 可取的,可胜任的
supreme 最高的,至高无上的 pat 父亲,祖国
superb庄重的,极好的 patrol 巡逻
expatriate 驱逐出境
cede 走 compatriot 同胞(有共同的祖国)
concede妥协 repatriate v.遣返
recede 后退 patriot n.爱国者
perspective n.透视,全景 undertake 承担,许诺
inspect v.检查,视察 undergo 经历,遭受
expect v.期待 underscore 强调
prospect n.前景 underlying a.基本的
spectacles 眼镜 four underlying principles
underline 强调
bar 棍子
barbarian 野蛮人 vivid 鲜艳的
barren(ren=人)剩棍和人——>贫瘠 revive 复活
embarrass 用棍子打屁股——>尴尬 survive 存活
vivisect(切)活体解剖
prime 黄金时期,青春;主要的,最初的
primitive 原始的 hypo 低
preliminary 预备的 hypotension 低血压
hypothsis 假说
turb 搅动 hyper 高
turbine 搅动机 hypersensitive 高度敏感
turbulent 混乱的,动荡的=chaos
relent 反复地借——>v.使……宽厚,仁慈<——>relentless 无情,冷酷
考试作文常用套语
手头有些作文资料,收录了大量作文的开篇和段首句、过渡句、结尾句等关键常用句式,希望可以帮助大家短期内掌握一些写作技巧:)
1.At present,currently,lately,recently,nowadays,these years,in the past several decades,over the last several years
2.at the turn of the century
3.Thanks to China''s reform and opening-up policy,...has witnessed great economic and social progress in the past two decades.
4.With the (rapid,marked,amazing,eye-catching,remarkable,fantastic)development/progress/growth/advance/improvement of economy/society/industry/living standard,great changes have taken place in...
5.At the mercy of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology,there are rapid changes in all aspects of our everyday life.
6.with the arrival/advent of the invention of.../the information age/the 21st century/the economy age
7.We are now entering a brand new era.The 21st century is a time of advanced scientific and technological knowledge.
8.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history.We have just crossed the threshold of the 21st century and the curtain of the new millenium is slowly rising.
人类已进入了历史上的一个全新阶段.我们刚刚跨入21世纪的门槛,新千年的帷幕正在徐徐升起.
9.We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.
我们被赋予新的机会,并且面临着新的挑战.
10.With the increasingly more rapidly economic globalization and urbanization,more problems are brought to our attention.
随着日益迅速的经济全球化和城市化,更多的问题受到我们的关注.
11.as...develops
随着....的发展
12.along with the development of ..., more and more.....
随着.....的发展,越来越多......
13.In the past few years,there has been a sharp growth boom/decline in....
在过去几年内,....有显著增长/激增/明显滑坡.....
14,with the steady growth in the country's economy as well as the people' living standard,
随着国家经济和人民生活水平的稳步增长,
8.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history.We have just crossed the threshold of the 21st century and the curtain of the new millenium is slowly rising.
人类已进入了历史上的一个全新阶段.我们刚刚跨入21世纪的门槛,新千年的帷幕正在徐徐升起.
9.We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.
我们被赋予新的机会,并且面临着新的挑战.
10.With the increasingly more rapidly economic globalization and urbanization,more problems are brought to our attention.
随着日益迅速的经济全球化和城市化,更多的问题受到我们的关注.
11.as...develops
随着....的发展
12.along with the development of ..., more and more.....
随着.....的发展,越来越多......
13.In the past few years,there has been a sharp growth boom/decline in....
在过去几年内,....有显著增长/激增/明显滑坡.....
14,with the steady growth in the country's economy as well as the people' living standard,
随着国家经济和人民生活水平的稳步增长,
15.as living tempo/pace quickens,
随着生活节奏的不断加快,
16.While the rhythm/pace /tempo of people's living is speeding up,a lot of changes have taken place in....
人民生活节奏加快的同时,....也发生了很多变化.
17.with the fantastic spur both in industry and its economy in China,the number of... is on the fire.
随着中国工业经济的迅猛发展,....的数目不断上升.
18.It is commonly believed that the rise in .... is the inevitable result of economic development.
人们普遍认为,......的增长是经济发展的必然结果.
19.In recet years,China has experienced an alarming increase in....
最近几年来,中国.....有了惊人的增长.
20.Nowadays more and more people begin to realize/be aware of/motice the importance of the problem of education/pollution/unemployment.
现在越来越多的人开始认识到教育,污染,失业问题的重要性.
21.We often find ourselves caught/involved in a dilemma whether we should reach for the bear's paw or for the shark's fin....
我们常常发现自己陷入一个进退维谷的境地:是取鱼翅还是熊掌....
22.There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for....
世界性的对...需要的认识正在不断深入.
23.Recently the issue/problem of... has been in the limelight/brought into fcus/brought to public attention/concern.
最近...的问题引起了人们的注意/成了焦点问题/引起了公众的注意/关注.
24.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern.
最近这个现象引起了广泛关注.
25.One of the (universal/pressing/burning/urgent) problems/issues we are faced with(confronting us) is that...
我们面临的其中一个全球性的/紧迫的/迫在眉睫的问题是....
26.Recently the problem/issue/conflict has become the focus/concern of the public.
最近这个问题/冲突成了公众关注的焦点/中心.
27.There is a (public/grneral/heated/impassioned) debate/discussion/controversy today/nowadays as to/over/on/concerning the issue/problem of...Those who criticize/oppose/object to...contend/argue that ....They believe that...But people who advocate/favor/are for...,on the other hand,maintain/assert that...
当前,人们就某事/现象展开了激烈/广泛的/热烈的讨论/争论.批评/反对的人们辩称....,他们认为.....然而,支持者却认为.....
28.A public debate has arisen as to the phenomenon of ...
关于...的现象引发了一场公众讨论.
29.There is a long-running debate as to whether....
关于是否....有一场持久论战.
30.It is undeniable that ... has become the biggest concern of the present-day world.
不可否认的是,...已成了当今世界最令人关注的问题.
31.Now it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/accepted/recognized that... They claim/argue/hold that....,but I wonder/doubt whether....
现在人们普遍认为.....人们认为.....但是我怀疑它是否....
32.According to a(n) survey/investigation/analysis/statistics/report released/conducted/made by...,there is a growing/increasing/declining number of...who/which....
根据...发表的/所做的一份调查/分析/统计数据/报告,......的数目呈上升/下降的趋势.
33.Once in a newspaper/magazine,I hit upon(came across) the report that...
有一次,在一份报纸/一本杂志上,我看到过一篇报道.....
34.This case has aroused echoes throughout the country,with more and more people following its lead,but ideas about it vary widely.
这个时间在全国产生了反响,随着越来越多的人步其后尘,对它的看法却有很大的不同.
35.The discussion about whether or not... is a very controversial one.There are people on both sides of the argument who have strong feelings.
关于是否...的讨论是个很有争议性的问题.争论的双方情绪都非常激动.
36.Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against ... contend/argue/hold that...but people who advocate/favor/are for...,on the other hand,maintain/assert/claim that...
批评/反对...的人争论/认为....,但是支持/赞成.....的人则认为/声称.....
37.Some argue/hold that...,but others set forth a totally different argument about the issue of...
有些人争论/认为....,但另外一些人则对....的问题提出了完全不同的观点.
38.The other side of the coin has voiced strong opposition saying that....
争论的另一方发表了强烈的反对声音,声称....
文章开头句型
1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,
适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people
say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others
argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth
in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)
. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged
that .... They claim/believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .
e.g
. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/
aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.
. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...
has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)
.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the
new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
----- To be continued !!
1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
e.g:
.Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ...
Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/
popular than...
.Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/
coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
.Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity
to......
Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea
that.......
1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
e.g:
. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark
has been shared by more and more people .
"Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a
greatAmerican philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.
."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses
/this .
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as
this "......".
1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.
e.g:
. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh
look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now
share this new .
1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.
e.g:
. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of
... has aroused public concern.
. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are
often confront with in our daily life.
. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be
(unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
1-8问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.
e.g:
Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion , ...... .
如何写好四六级英语作文
2 文章中间主体内容句型
<一> 原因结果分析
3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
e.g:
. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...
. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing...
For another...... Still another ...
. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect ....
/both individual and social contribute to ....
3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
e.g:
. Another important factor is ....
. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.
. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
e.g:
. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
. In involves some serious consequence for ........
< 二 > 比较对照句型
3-2-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !
e.g:
. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages
we gain from B.
. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as
positive effects.
3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
e.g:
. A and B have several thing in common.
They are similar in that.....
. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.
文章结尾形式
2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 .
e.g:
. From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe
conclusion that .....
. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
e.g:
. We must call for an immediate method , because the current
phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy
cost of .......
. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is
every chance that .. will be put in danger .
2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
e.g:
. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable
tendcy of ......
. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to
correct the tendency .
2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
e.g:
. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there areways. The
most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the
situation.
2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:
. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some
sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a
wide way .
. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be
helpful/benefical.
. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty ,
but ........
2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:
. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but
the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also
benefit .....
. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is
certain that it will undoubtedly ......
1.首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为:
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题,2)导入主题,然后提出自己的观点,也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有:
1) 谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受,用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
As the saying goes, "Money makes the mare go", but there are many things we can't buy with money, such as time and true love. …
2) 定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释,限定其范围,这样比较有利于引出主题。
"Practice makes perfect" is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.
3) 提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题,可以激发读者的兴趣,从而引出主题。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.
4) 概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状,然后引出主题。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.
5) 故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣,从而提出自己的观点。如下面"Is Stress a Bad Thing?"
6) 引语法
"Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and can't be retained." From Vinci's words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.
7) 调查法
为了得到读者的认可,文章的开始可以引出调查数据等,借以提出主题,如下面"Is Stress a Bad Thing?"的1)和"Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?"的4)。
8) 假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择,交代文章要涉及的问题,从而提出文章的主题。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? …
9) 综合法
具体写作时,同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式,可以将上述方法总和起来。
2. 结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有:
1) 重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题,与首段照应。
Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.
2) 提出建议
Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.
3) 概括总结
As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and needn't invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city.
4) 引用名人名言
In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said "Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability."
5)综合法
与首段一样,结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来,总结加建议的比较多。
3.转承语的使用
根据不同的段落要求,选择适当的转承语
1) 比较对照
比较:like A, B …
Just as A, B …
A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B …
对照: Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B …
A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B ..
A …, B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, …
2)列举
First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), …
The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final)
Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally)
One/Another/Still another/The last
The most essential/most important/primary/chief is …
3) 因果
as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that
4 起承转合常用语
1)"起"的常用语
When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with …, some people
claim/think/argue/believe that …, but/while others …(differently)
Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to ….
With the development/improvement/growth of …,
Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that …,
According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, …
Have you ever thought/wondered …?
Suppose …
As the saying goes, …
2) "承"的常用语
Those who hold ….
It is true that …
To be sure ..
First/Firstly …
The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential ….
"承接上文"的方式与文章的段落结构有关,比较的与列举的不同,与举例的也不同。同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。
3)"转"的常用语
It sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice
There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact …
Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics).
Close (careful) examination (analysis) of these arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal (suggest, prove) how flimsy (不足信的,不严密)(fallacious(靠不住的), groundless(没有根据的)) they are.
However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力)) these arguments may be, they don't make sense (only skim the surface of the problem) when … is viewed the other way (taken into consideration).
As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view).
Good/Superior/Wonderful as …., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own problems.
They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account …
In all the discussion and debate over …, one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected.
It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesn't follow/doesn't mean that …
There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor …
In many cases, however, …
As far as .. is concerned, …
4) "合"的常用语
Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that …
From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that…
In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude ….
It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to …
阅读
1、列举处常考 2、举例子打比喻的地方常考 3、引用人物论断处常考 、转折处与强对比处常考 5、复杂句常考 6、因果句常考7、特殊标点符号后内容常考 8、段首,段尾句常考
(一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very,completely, none, hardly等
(二)选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有: can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数),more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。
(三)选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项,而同义替换的一般是选项。
(四)较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的,选项一般是答案项。
(五)选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案项,而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。
(六)选项中较符合常识的,易明白的一般不是选项;而似乎不太合理,一时较难理解的往往是正确选项。
(一)主旨大意题干扰项特点。 (1)虽覆盖全文意思,但显得太笼统;(2)其内容太窄,不能覆盖全文内容,只是文章内容的一部分,或只是文章内容的一个细枝未节;(3)与文章内容毫不相干,或与文章内容相悖。
(二)细节题干扰项特点。 (1)与原句内容相反;(2)与原文内容一半相同一半不同;(3)与原句内容相似但过于绝对化。(4)原文中根本没提到
(三)逻辑推理题干扰项特点 (1)不是在文章事实或上下文(句)逻辑基础上进行推理而得出了观点。 (2)虽然可以以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为基础进行推理,但推理过头,概括过度。
四)观点态度题干扰项特点纵观历届四、六级阅读理解试题在考查学生揣测作者观点态度时,正确选项要么是肯定、赞扬、褒义性的(如positive, support, useful, interesting, admiring等)要么是否定、批评、贬义性的(如disgust, critical, negative, disappointment等)而又以否定、贬义性居多。所以此类题型中的中性词(如indifferent, ambivalent, neutral, humor, disinterested, impassive)一般均为干扰项。由于近几年文章都是反映与社会联系紧密的,多为人们所担心的现象,故作者对这些社会现象持批评态度的较多。
(一)针对主旨大意题只读段首、段尾句。一般来说,一篇文章的中心思想或某一段主题思想往往通过段首、段尾句表达出来。考生迅速找到了这些主题句,也能答题
(二) 若针对举例子、引用名人言论、特殊符号(如冒号、引号、破折号)后内容出题,考生可只读例子、名人言话、符号前后句内容,然后符号题。
(三)如果题目只是针对某一段内容而提问,考生可只看该段内容即可答题,而不必等把文章全看完才做,以防到时要交卷,而能做出的题因时间不足而瞎猜。
四)针对词汇题,考生可只看词汇所在句和前后句内容即可答题,因为对单词字义的揣测,一般只通过单词所在句或前后句内容就能猜出。
( 五)考生还可注意一些考点常考处(转处、例举处、范例处、段首段尾处、特殊符号处)的内容,然后答题。如果根本就没时间看短文,可根据我们上面写的两个专题只看题目和各选项进行符号题。如果后面还有主观题没做(如简答),建议考生没有做完的阅读理解题不要做了,赶紧先把简答题写好
语法
1)虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时: It is vital/necessary/important/urgent/imperative/ desirable/advisable/natural/essential+that+动词原形; It is time/abouttime/hightime+that+一般过去时:proposal/ suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形; if only+that+would+动词原形。
2)状语从句的考点为:非if引导的条件状语从句,此类句子多用 at times,provided,so long as,in case,once等来替代if;由 evenif/so,now that,for all等引导的让步状语从句;just/ hardly…when引导的时间状语从句;more than,as…as,not so much as,the same as,as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3)独立主格结构多以逻辑主语+分词的形式出现。
4)情态动词多与完成时形式连用。
5)定语从句重点考查介词+关系代词(which)和as作为关系代词。
)动词,名词与介词的搭配如:popular/patient+with; yield/solution/adapt/transfer/access+to;accuse/ require+of;charge+for;under+discussion等等。
2)习惯用法如:confess to/set about/be used to+doing; be supposed to/have/make sb.+do等。
3)由同一动词构成的短语如:come,go,set,break等构成的短 语。
4)单个的动词,抽象名词,形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的 形式出现。
5)介词短语在句中作状语如:in terms of;with the exception of;in vain等,另外还应注意rather than,other than,suchas,none/nothing+but等词在考题中的出现。
to be continued...